春节Spring Festival
Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon（新月）on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon（满月）15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival（元宵节）, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade.
The Chinese calendar is based on a combination of lunar and solar movements. The lunar cycle（月运周期）is about 29.5 days. In order to "catch up" with the solar calendar the Chinese insert an extra month once every few years (seven years out of a 19-yearcycle). This is the same as adding an extra day on leap year （闰年）. This is why, according to the solar calendar, the Chinese New Year falls on a different date each year.
New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family affair, a time of reunion and thanksgiving. The celebration was traditionally highlighted with a religious ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth（万物）, the gods of the household and the family ancestors.
The sacrifice to the ancestors, the most vital of all the rituals（仪式）, united the living members with those who had passed away. Departed relatives are remembered with great respect because they were responsible for laying the foundations for the fortune and glory of the family.
The presence of the ancestors is acknowledged on New Year's Eve with a dinner arranged for them at the family banquet table. The spirits of the ancestors, together with the living, celebrate the onset of the New Year as one great community. The communal feast called "surrounding the stove" or weilu. It symbolizes family unity and honors the past and present generations.
The Origin of Chinese New Year
The Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the Begining of Spring (the first of the twenty-four terms in coodination with the changes of Nature). Its origin is too old to be traced. Several explanations are hanging around. All agree, however, that the word Nian, which in modern Chinese solely means "year", was originally the name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new year.
One legend goes that the beast Nian had a very big mouth that would swallow a great many people with one bite. People were very scared. One day, an old man came to their rescue, offering to subdue Nian. To Nian he said, "I hear say that you are very capable, but can you swallow the other beasts of prey on earth instead of people who are by no means of your worthy opponents?" So, it did swallow many of the beasts of prey on earth that also harrassed people and their domestic animals from time to time.
After that, the old man disappeared riding the beast Nian. He turned out to be an immortal god. Now that Nian is gone and other beasts of prey are also scared into forests, people begin to enjoy their peaceful life. Before the old man left, he had told people to put up red paper decorations on their windows and doors at each year's end to scare away Nian in case it sneaked back again, because red is the color the beast feared the most.
From then on, the tradition of observing the conquest of Nian is carried on from generation to generation. The term "Guo Nian", which may mean "Survive the Nian" becomes today "Celebrate the (New) Year" as the word "guo" in Chinese having both the meaning of "pass-over" and "observe". The custom of putting up red paper and firing fire-crackers to scare away Nian should it have a chance to run loose is still around. However, people today have long forgotten why they are doing all this, except that they feel the color and the sound add to the excitement of the celebration.
Traditional New Year Foods
Probably more food is consumed during the New Year celebrations than any other time of the year. Vast amounts of traditional food is prepared for family and friends, as well as those close to us who have died.
On New Year's Day, the Chinese family will eat a vegetarian dish called jai. Although the various ingredients in jai are root vegetables or fibrous vegetables, many people attribute various superstitious aspects to them.
Other foods include a whole fish, to represent togetherness and abundance, and a chicken for prosperity. The chicken must be presented with a head, tail and feet to symbolize completeness. Noodles should be uncut, as they represent long life.
In south China, the favorite and most typical dishes were nian gao, sweet steamed glutinous rice（糯米）pudding and zong zi (glutinous rice wrapped up in reed（芦苇）leaves), another popular delicacy.
In the north, steamed-wheat bread (man tou) and small meat dumplings were the preferred food. The tremendous amount of food prepared at this time was meant to symbolize abundance and wealth for the household.
The 15-Day Celebration of Chinese New Year
The first day of the Lunar New Year is "the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth."Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them.
On the second day, the Chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.
The third and fourth days are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.
The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck.
On the sixth to the 10th day, the Chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. They also visit the temples to pray for good fortune and health.
The seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success.
On the eighth day the Fujian people have another family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray to Tian Gong, the God of Heaven.
The ninth day is to make offerings to the Jade Emperor.
The 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.
The 14th day should be for preparations to celebrate the Lantern Festival which is to be held on the 15th night.
春节一般指除夕和正月初一。但在民间，传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三或二十四的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。在春节期间，我国的汉族和很多少数民族都要举行各种活动以示庆祝。这些活动均以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。
中国农历年的岁首称为春节。是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，也象征团结、兴旺，对未来寄托新的希望的佳节。据记载，中国人民过春节已有４千多年的历史，它是由虞舜兴起的。公元前两千多年的一天，舜即天子位，带领着部下人员，祭拜天地。从此，人们就把这一天当作岁首，算是正月初一。据说这就是农历新年的由来，后来叫春节。春节过去也叫元旦。春节所在的这一月叫元月。>>
但是，中国历代元旦的日期并不一致：夏朝用孟春的元月为正月，商朝用腊月（十二月）为正月，秦始皇统一六国后以十月为正月，汉朝初期沿用秦历。汉武帝刘彻感到历纪太乱，就命令大臣公孙卿和司马迁造"太阳历"，规定以农历正月为一岁之首，以正月初一为一年的第一天，就是元旦。此后中国一直沿用夏历（阴历，又称农历）纪年，直到清朝未年，长达２０８０年。
春节不同时代有不同名称。在先秦时叫"上日"、"元日"、"改岁"、"献岁"等；到了两汉时期，又被叫为"三朝"、"岁旦"、"正旦"、"正日"；魏晋南北朝时称为"元辰"、"元日"、"元首"、 "岁朝"等；到了唐宋元明，则称为"元旦"、"元 "、"岁日"、"新正"、"新元"等；而清代，一直叫"元旦"或"元日"。
１９１２年孙中山在南京就任中华民国临时大总统时，宣布中国改用世界通用公历，也叫阳历、新历。并决定以公元１９１２年１月１日为民国元年１月１日。一月一日叫新年，但不称元旦。
１９４９年９月２７日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议决定在建立中华人民共和国的同时，采用世界通用的公元纪年。为了区分阳历和阴历两个"年"，又因一年２４节气的"立春"恰在农历年的前后，故把阳历一月一日称为"元旦"，农历正月初一正式改称"春节"。
地球绕太阳一周，历法上叫一年，循环往复，永无止境。但是，人们根据春、夏、秋、冬四季节气的不同，就以夏历正月初一为一年的岁首。每年农历十二月三十日（小月二十九）半夜子时（十二点）过后，春节就算正式来到了。
临近春节，人们采办年货，除夕时，全家团聚在一起吃年夜饭。贴年画、春联；迎接新的一年来临。
随着新中国的建立，春节庆祝活动更为丰富多彩。不仅保留了过去民间习俗，剔除了一些带有封建迷信的活动，而且增加了不少新的内容。使春节具有新的时代气息。１９４９年１２月２３日，中华人民共和国人民政府规定每年春节放假三天。
中国是个多民族的国家，各民族过新年的形式各有不同。汉族、满族和朝鲜族过春节的风俗习惯差不多，全家团圆，人们吃年糕、水饺以及各种丰盛的饭菜、张灯结彩，燃放鞭炮，并互相祝福。春节期间的庆祝活动极为丰富多样，有舞狮、耍龙的，也有踩高跷、跑旱船的。在有些地区人们沿袭过去祭祖敬神活动，祈求新的一年风调雨顺，平安、丰收。古代的蒙古族，把春节叫做"白节"，正月叫白月，是吉祥如意的意思。藏族是过藏历年。回族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族等，是过"古尔邦节"。春节也是苗族、僮族、瑶族等的盛大节日。
春节是中国人最重要的传统节日，中国人什么时间开始过春节？中科院紫金山天文台研究员王思潮告诉记者，中国人过春节已有４０００多年的历史。
王思潮介绍，据有关资料，春节是由虞舜兴起的。公元前２０００多年的一天，舜即天子位，带领着部下人员，祭拜天地。从此，人们就把这一天当作岁首。据说这就是农历新年的由来，后来叫春节。
春节是我国最盛大、最热闹的传统节日。春节又叫"过年"。正式"过年"是从春节的前一天开始的，即除夕，也就是每年的最后一天。除夕这天，人们都要"守夜"。全家人围在一起，吃很丰盛的年夜饭。除夕夜里，人们包饺子、放鞭炮、贴春联……迎接新一年的到来。
王思潮介绍，尽管中国人过春节已经有很多年的历史，然而在历史上，春节的时间却不一样。
"但不管定在什么时间过春节，春节的传统色彩却一直未变，如亲情、和睦、欢乐，及对未来的美好祈盼。"王思潮说。
过春节的这天早上，人们起得很早，家家都要放鞭炮、吃饺子。孩子们都要穿上新衣服，跟上大人们去拜年。这时，大人们往往都要发给孩子们一些"压岁钱"，祝福他们又长了新的一岁。
如今，春节更是一个亲人团聚的日子，离家在外的孩子在过春节时都要回家，全家老小欢聚酣饮，共享天伦之乐。
相传，中国古时候有一种叫"年"的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。"年"长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命。
相传，中国古时候有一种叫"年"的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。"年"长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命。
因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避"年"兽的伤害。
这年除夕，桃花村的人们正扶老携幼上山避难，从村外来了个乞讨的老人，只见他手拄拐杖，臂搭袋囊，银须飘逸，目若朗星。
乡亲们有的封窗锁门，有的收拾行装，有的牵牛赶羊，到处人喊马嘶，一片匆忙恐慌景象。这时，谁还有心关照这位乞讨的老人。
只有村东头一位老婆婆给了老人些食物，并劝他快上山躲避"年"兽，那老人捋髯笑道："婆婆若让我在家呆一夜，我一定把"年"兽撵走。
老婆婆惊目细看，见他鹤发童颜、精神矍铄，气宇不凡。可她仍然继续劝说，乞讨老人笑而不语。婆婆无奈，只好撇下家，上山避难去了。
半夜时分，"年"兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：村东头老婆婆家，门贴大红纸，屋内烛火通明。"年"兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声。
"年"朝婆婆家怒视片刻，随即狂叫着扑过去。将近门口时，院内突然传来"砰砰啪啪"的炸响声，"年"浑身战栗，再不敢往前凑了。
原来，"年"最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。"年"大惊失色，狼狈逃蹿了。
第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时，老婆婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。
乡亲们一齐拥向老婆婆家，只见婆婆家门上贴着红纸，院里一堆未燃尽的竹子仍在"啪啪"炸响，屋内几根红腊烛还发着余光……
欣喜若狂的乡亲们为庆贺吉祥的来临，纷纷换新衣戴新帽，到亲友家道喜问好。这件事很快在周围村里传开了，人们都知道了驱赶"年"兽的办法。
从此每年除夕，家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹；户户烛火通明、守更待岁。初一一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日。
我国民间在除夕有守岁的习惯。守岁从吃年夜饭开始，这顿年夜饭要慢慢地吃，从掌灯时分入席，有的人家一直要吃到深夜。根据宋懔《荆楚岁时记》的记载，至少在南北朝时已有吃年夜饭的习俗。
我国民间在除夕有守岁的习惯。守岁从吃年夜饭开始，这顿年夜饭要慢慢地吃，从掌灯时分入席，有的人家一直要吃到深夜。根据宋懔《荆楚岁时记》的记载，至少在南北朝时已有吃年夜饭的习俗。
守岁的习俗，既有对如水逝去的岁月含惜别留恋之情，又有对来临的新年寄以美好希望之意。古人有一首《守岁》诗中写道："相邀守岁阿戎家，蜡炬传红向碧纱；三十六旬都浪过，偏从此夜惜年华。"珍惜年华是人之常情，故大诗人苏轼写下了《守岁》名句："明年岂无年，心事恐蹉跎；努力尽今夕，少年犹可夸！"由此可见除夕守岁的积极意义。
年三十守岁，俗名"熬年"。为什么称作"熬年"呢？民间世世代代流传着这么一个有趣的故事：太古时期，有一种凶猛的怪兽，散居在深山密林中，人们管它们叫"年"。"年"的形貌狰狞，生性凶残，专食飞禽走兽、鳞介虫豸，一天换一种口味，从磕头虫一直吃到大活人，让人谈"年"色变。慢慢地，人们掌握了"年"的活动规律，原来它每隔三百六十五天窜到人群聚居的地方尝一次口鲜，而且出没的时间都是在天黑以后，等到鸡鸣破晓，它们便返回山林中去了。算准了"年"的肆虐日期，男男女女便把这可怕的一夜视为关煞，称作"年关"，并且想出了一整套"过年关"的办法：每到这一天晚上，家家户户提前做好晚饭，熄火净灶，再把鸡圈牛栏全部拴牢，然后把宅院的大门封住，躲在屋里吃"年夜饭"--由于这顿晚餐具有凶吉未卜的意味，所以置办得很丰盛，除了要全家老小围在一起用餐表示和睦团圆外，还须在吃饭前先供祭祖先，祈求祖先的神灵保佑他们平平安安地度过这一夜。吃过晚饭后，谁都不敢睡觉，挤坐在一起闲聊壮胆。
天色渐渐黑了下来，"年"从深山老林里窜了出来，摸进人群聚居的村落。只见家家户户宅门紧闭，门前还堆着芝麻杆，街上却瞧不见一个人影儿。转了大半个晚上的"年"毫无所获，只好啃些芝麻杆充饥。再过些时，公鸡啼晓，这些凶残而又愚蠢的怪物只得怏怏返回。熬过"年关"的人们欣喜不已，要感谢天地祖宗的护佑，要互相祝贺没有被"年 "吃掉，还要打开大门燃放鞭炮，去同邻里亲友见面道喜……，人们见面互相拱手作揖，祝贺道喜，庆幸没被年兽吃掉。这样过了好多年，没出什么事情，人们对年兽放松了警惕。就在有一年三十晚上，年兽突然窜到江南的一个村子里。一村子人几乎被年兽吃光了，只有一家挂红布帘、穿红衣的新婚小两口平安无事。还有几个童稚，在院里点了一堆竹子在玩耍，火光通红，竹子燃烧后"啪啪"地爆响，年兽转到此处，看见火光吓得掉头逃窜。此后，人们知道年兽怕红、怕光、怕响声，每至年末岁首，家家户户就贴红纸、穿红袍、挂红灯、敲锣打鼓、燃放爆竹，这样年兽就不敢再来了。在《诗经·小雅·庭燎》篇中，就有"庭燎之光"的记载。所谓"庭燎"就是用竹竿之类制作的火炬。竹竿燃烧后，竹节里的空气膨胀，竹腔爆裂，发出噼噼啪啪的响声，这也即是"爆竹"的由来。可是有的地方，村民不知年兽怕红，常常被年兽吃掉。这事后来传到天上的紫微那儿，他为了拯救人们，决心消灭年兽。有一年，他待年兽出来时，就用火球将它击倒，再用粗铁链将它锁在石柱上。从此，每到过年，人们总要烧香，请紫微星下界来保平安。
这种现象逐渐蔚成了绵绵相传的"过年"和"拜年"的风俗， "拜年"的风俗内容丰富，通常的顺序是："先拜天地，次拜祖宗，再拜高堂，然后出门去拜亲朋友好，亦有初一拜本家、初二拜岳家、初三拜亲戚……等各种讲究，直至拜到正月十五，所谓"拜个晚年"。
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