海外关注中国户籍改革 障碍来自既得利益集团 household registration record
海外关注中国户籍改革：障碍来自既得利益集团
"户籍改革对执政党是一场不亚于1949年进城和1978年揭开改革开放大幕的大考"
国际先驱导报记者刘科发自北京 "最终正像当年粮票的消亡一样，城乡两种户籍制度最后不是被取消的，是在一些条件具备以后消亡的。"10月17日，国家发改委副主任杜鹰表示，长三角地区在户籍制度改革上具备优势，"可以在全国率先推进户籍制度的改革"。而目前着手进行户籍制度改革的，都是人口压力相对较小的城镇。
在刚刚结束的中共十七届三中全会上，更是明确提出，我国总体上已进入着力破除城乡二元结构、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的重要时期，户籍改革在2020年前将有实质突破。
户籍改革是一场大考
从10月12日中共十七届三中全会闭幕以来的这一周，众多境外媒体都关注到了中国户籍改革，并给予最新关注和解读。
10月13日的《日本经济新闻》认为，"中国目前户籍上的区别导致了城市居民在教育、社会保障、政治等方方面面的权利享有上优于农民。这也成为了严重的贫富分化和暴力频发等社会问题的温床。所以说此次全会上提出破解'二元结构'一目标也是理所当然的。"
该报指出，"现在面临的就是如何实行的问题。要想使得农民享有与城市居民同等的权利，就必须在户籍制度、选举制度乃至教育和医疗等领域进行广泛的制度改革。"
韩国《朝鲜日报》报道也指出，"中共企图修改户籍制度的理由，主要是希望将2亿农村剩余劳动力有序转移至城市，藉由修改法令允许农村集体土地使用权可以流转，在制度上一并修改户口制度，将城乡二元户口转为'统一户籍制度'，化解农村户口与城镇户口间的经济地位不平等。"
美国《侨报》在10月14日刊发题为《破解城乡二元结构 中国仍需长跑》的社论，该报认为，"中国的城乡二元结构体制除了有与其他发展中国家的同样属性外，更因上世纪五十年代后建立起来的计划经济体制和城乡分治的社会人口与户籍管理模式而掺杂了不少人为因素，形成了中国特色——其复杂程度和解题的难度也会超出其他发展中国家。"
该报同时指出，"破除二元结构绝不是一句口号，也不是一次百米冲刺，这是对中共的执政能力和智慧，无疑是一场不亚于1949年进城和1978年揭开改革开放大幕的大考。"
户籍改革涉14部门
中国在1992年就成立户籍制度改革文件起草小组，1993年提出包括"取消农业、非农业二元户口性质，统一城乡户口登记制度"的户籍改革目标，但16年过去了，改革的目标仍未完全达到。
"户籍改革的困难，在于需要医疗卫生、社会保障、财政分配、教育保障的配合，涉及最少14个部门。"中央党校教授王贵秀告诉《国际先驱导报》。1958年启动城乡户籍制度时，本来是由民政部负责的，但是近年的户籍改革，主要是由公安部来推动。其他涉及户籍改革的部门，包括国家发改委、民政部、人力资源和社会保障部、财政部、教育部、卫生部等。王贵秀说，推进户籍制度的配套改革，"主要与政府机构，各部委的协调配合有关。"
自2003年起，全国最少已有13省市开始取消农业户口和非农业户口，统一称为居民户口。但在户口簿上仍然保留居住地一栏，仍然可以辨别户口是属于城镇还是农村。在另一方面，因为涉及利益，城乡身份区别在短期内仍难完全消除。
实际操作要平稳有序
显然，户籍改革已经不是简单的户口本的问题，更重要的是附在户口本上的种种福利和待遇。"户籍制度的不合理在这里，户籍改革的障碍也在这里。"中国农业大学教授李炳龙告诉《国际先驱导报》。
中国社会科学院社会学研究员陆学艺也认为，户籍改革的主要困难在于城乡户籍完全统一以后，农民如何享受到城市居民的利益。"下一道城乡户籍统一的政令是容易的，但要把户籍制度背后的利益关系理顺却不容易。将城乡户籍完全统一起来，中国居民不再有市民和农民的区分，全部都要变成公民。这样，农民在就业、子女教育和基本社会保障诸方面将不再遭受歧视。但事实上克服这些历史上遗留下来的歧视会有不同程度的困难。"
"此外，城乡户籍完全统一以后，国家如何操作支援农业和农民的政策？公民（包括原来的农民）如何由乡村或小城市迁往大的城市，这些问题也是户籍改革需要解决的困难。"陆学艺告诉《国际先驱导报》。
10月17日英国BBC新闻的报道也指出，户籍改革的主要障碍，来自观念与既得利益集团。"随着超过两亿农民工进城打工，农村户口给他们造成的医疗、社保、子女教育等各方面的不平等，已经成为中国当局必须妥善解决的重大问题。"
陆学艺认为，户籍制度一下子放开是不太可能的。"在户籍改革上，政府的政治承诺很重要，然而在实际操作上要平稳有序，照顾社会的承受能力。"（来源：国际先驱导报）
A hùkǒu (Chinese: 户口) or hùjí (Chinese: 戶籍) refers to the system of residency permits which dates back to the 1950s where household registration is required by law in mainland China and Taiwan.
A household registration record officially identifies a person as a resident of an area and includes identifying information such the name of the person, date of birth, the names of parents, and name of spouse, if married.
A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household registration record (戶籍謄本, hùjíténgběn) is issued per family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family. A similar household registration system exists within the public administration structures of Japan (koseki), Vietnam (Hộ khẩu) and North Korea (Hoju). In South Korea the Hoju system was abolished on 1 January 2008.
The Communist Party instigated a command economy when it came to power in the late 1940s. In 1958, Mao Zedong set up an hereditary residency permit system defining where people could work. Individuals were broadly categorised as a "rural" or "urban" worker.[4] A worker seeking to move from the country to urban areas to take up non-agricultural work would have to apply through the relevant bureaucracies. The number of workers allowed to make such moves was tightly controlled. Migrant workers would require six passes to work in provinces other than their own.[5] People who worked outside their authorized domain or geographical area would not qualify for grain rations, employer-provided housing, or health care.[6] There were controls over education, employment, marriage and so on.
A family register (also known as any of several variations, such as household register, family album, familienbuch, koseki etc.) is a registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or legal interest.
Often, official recognition of certain events or status may only be granted when such event or status is registered in the family registry— for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events.
Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where the family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, no such system is in use in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada or the United States).[citation needed]
Although the United States (for example) assigns most citizens and residents a social security number intended to be unique to the recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the social security system) is collected, the U.S. social security system has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to social security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or the like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems.
Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the German or Japanese systems) has been criticized by civil libertarians as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information.
In Korea, use of the hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system.
In Japan and China, household registers have been used since at least the seventh century.
"户籍改革对执政党是一场不亚于1949年进城和1978年揭开改革开放大幕的大考"
国际先驱导报记者刘科发自北京 "最终正像当年粮票的消亡一样，城乡两种户籍制度最后不是被取消的，是在一些条件具备以后消亡的。"10月17日，国家发改委副主任杜鹰表示，长三角地区在户籍制度改革上具备优势，"可以在全国率先推进户籍制度的改革"。而目前着手进行户籍制度改革的，都是人口压力相对较小的城镇。
在刚刚结束的中共十七届三中全会上，更是明确提出，我国总体上已进入着力破除城乡二元结构、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的重要时期，户籍改革在2020年前将有实质突破。
户籍改革是一场大考
从10月12日中共十七届三中全会闭幕以来的这一周，众多境外媒体都关注到了中国户籍改革，并给予最新关注和解读。
10月13日的《日本经济新闻》认为，"中国目前户籍上的区别导致了城市居民在教育、社会保障、政治等方方面面的权利享有上优于农民。这也成为了严重的贫富分化和暴力频发等社会问题的温床。所以说此次全会上提出破解'二元结构'一目标也是理所当然的。"
该报指出，"现在面临的就是如何实行的问题。要想使得农民享有与城市居民同等的权利，就必须在户籍制度、选举制度乃至教育和医疗等领域进行广泛的制度改革。"
韩国《朝鲜日报》报道也指出，"中共企图修改户籍制度的理由，主要是希望将2亿农村剩余劳动力有序转移至城市，藉由修改法令允许农村集体土地使用权可以流转，在制度上一并修改户口制度，将城乡二元户口转为'统一户籍制度'，化解农村户口与城镇户口间的经济地位不平等。"
美国《侨报》在10月14日刊发题为《破解城乡二元结构 中国仍需长跑》的社论，该报认为，"中国的城乡二元结构体制除了有与其他发展中国家的同样属性外，更因上世纪五十年代后建立起来的计划经济体制和城乡分治的社会人口与户籍管理模式而掺杂了不少人为因素，形成了中国特色——其复杂程度和解题的难度也会超出其他发展中国家。"
该报同时指出，"破除二元结构绝不是一句口号，也不是一次百米冲刺，这是对中共的执政能力和智慧，无疑是一场不亚于1949年进城和1978年揭开改革开放大幕的大考。"
户籍改革涉14部门
中国在1992年就成立户籍制度改革文件起草小组，1993年提出包括"取消农业、非农业二元户口性质，统一城乡户口登记制度"的户籍改革目标，但16年过去了，改革的目标仍未完全达到。
"户籍改革的困难，在于需要医疗卫生、社会保障、财政分配、教育保障的配合，涉及最少14个部门。"中央党校教授王贵秀告诉《国际先驱导报》。1958年启动城乡户籍制度时，本来是由民政部负责的，但是近年的户籍改革，主要是由公安部来推动。其他涉及户籍改革的部门，包括国家发改委、民政部、人力资源和社会保障部、财政部、教育部、卫生部等。王贵秀说，推进户籍制度的配套改革，"主要与政府机构，各部委的协调配合有关。"
自2003年起，全国最少已有13省市开始取消农业户口和非农业户口，统一称为居民户口。但在户口簿上仍然保留居住地一栏，仍然可以辨别户口是属于城镇还是农村。在另一方面，因为涉及利益，城乡身份区别在短期内仍难完全消除。
实际操作要平稳有序
显然，户籍改革已经不是简单的户口本的问题，更重要的是附在户口本上的种种福利和待遇。"户籍制度的不合理在这里，户籍改革的障碍也在这里。"中国农业大学教授李炳龙告诉《国际先驱导报》。
中国社会科学院社会学研究员陆学艺也认为，户籍改革的主要困难在于城乡户籍完全统一以后，农民如何享受到城市居民的利益。"下一道城乡户籍统一的政令是容易的，但要把户籍制度背后的利益关系理顺却不容易。将城乡户籍完全统一起来，中国居民不再有市民和农民的区分，全部都要变成公民。这样，农民在就业、子女教育和基本社会保障诸方面将不再遭受歧视。但事实上克服这些历史上遗留下来的歧视会有不同程度的困难。"
"此外，城乡户籍完全统一以后，国家如何操作支援农业和农民的政策？公民（包括原来的农民）如何由乡村或小城市迁往大的城市，这些问题也是户籍改革需要解决的困难。"陆学艺告诉《国际先驱导报》。
10月17日英国BBC新闻的报道也指出，户籍改革的主要障碍，来自观念与既得利益集团。"随着超过两亿农民工进城打工，农村户口给他们造成的医疗、社保、子女教育等各方面的不平等，已经成为中国当局必须妥善解决的重大问题。"
陆学艺认为，户籍制度一下子放开是不太可能的。"在户籍改革上，政府的政治承诺很重要，然而在实际操作上要平稳有序，照顾社会的承受能力。"（来源：国际先驱导报）
A hùkǒu (Chinese: 户口) or hùjí (Chinese: 戶籍) refers to the system of residency permits which dates back to the 1950s where household registration is required by law in mainland China and Taiwan.
A household registration record officially identifies a person as a resident of an area and includes identifying information such the name of the person, date of birth, the names of parents, and name of spouse, if married.
A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household registration record (戶籍謄本, hùjíténgběn) is issued per family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family. A similar household registration system exists within the public administration structures of Japan (koseki), Vietnam (Hộ khẩu) and North Korea (Hoju). In South Korea the Hoju system was abolished on 1 January 2008.
The Communist Party instigated a command economy when it came to power in the late 1940s. In 1958, Mao Zedong set up an hereditary residency permit system defining where people could work. Individuals were broadly categorised as a "rural" or "urban" worker.[4] A worker seeking to move from the country to urban areas to take up non-agricultural work would have to apply through the relevant bureaucracies. The number of workers allowed to make such moves was tightly controlled. Migrant workers would require six passes to work in provinces other than their own.[5] People who worked outside their authorized domain or geographical area would not qualify for grain rations, employer-provided housing, or health care.[6] There were controls over education, employment, marriage and so on.
A family register (also known as any of several variations, such as household register, family album, familienbuch, koseki etc.) is a registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or legal interest.
Often, official recognition of certain events or status may only be granted when such event or status is registered in the family registry— for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events.
Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where the family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, no such system is in use in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada or the United States).[citation needed]
Although the United States (for example) assigns most citizens and residents a social security number intended to be unique to the recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the social security system) is collected, the U.S. social security system has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to social security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or the like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems.
Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the German or Japanese systems) has been criticized by civil libertarians as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information.
In Korea, use of the hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system.
In Japan and China, household registers have been used since at least the seventh century.
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