单反相机和普通相机的差别(传统和数码) The difference between DSLRs and compacts

单反相机和普通相机的差别(传统和数码)

用了自己的Canon500D深有感触,写了下面这一些,也许有错的地方,欢迎导游朋友斧正、完善、拍砖；这个问题也是坛子上很多导游朋友关心并想弄清楚的问题。咱们导游朋友对数码相机接触的最多，客人使用的相机更是五花八门,因此有必要了解相机的专业知识和术语词汇，才能与客人有更深入的交流帮客人拍出更好的照片,体现咱们服务的专业与细致入微。

一、传统单反相机和传统普通相机的区别

1、光通道不同
单反相机采用了特殊的构造，更本上解决了象差的问题，就是说从取景器内部看到的就是将要暴光在胶片上的图象，传统傻瓜机由于镜头和取景器各自分开，光通道和取景内容不同，又称为"旁轴取景"，如果拍摄的距离很近有可能造成看到的是拍摄对象的头，而照的是对象的身子！所以普通相机没法拍摄微距照片，也不能直接看到景深等效果。

2、快门不同
单反相机都是采用帘幕快门，速度可以做到1/2000秒以上，而普通传统相机采用镜间快门（在镜头透镜之间，为花瓣状）速度一般最多做到1/400秒。单反相机优势明显。

3、镜头不同
单反相机可以更换不同的镜头（广角、鱼眼、长焦）。普通相机不可能做到，因为取景器内看到的和胶片上得到的影象完全是两回事！

4、功能上差异很大
高档的单反相机有丰富的手动功能，专业摄影师能得心应手的使用。而普通相机手动功能有限。当然效果就不可能同日而语。

5、体积相差很大
单反相机往往体积庞大，携带麻烦，而普通相机相对较小巧，特别是有些傻瓜机，小巧方便。

二、单反数码相机和普通数码相机的区别

结构不同
1、和传统单反相机一样采用了特殊的构造，数码单反相机更本上解决了象差的问题，就是说从取景器内部看到的就是将要暴光在胶片上的图象，普通数码相机由于采用了CCD感光模式，大家在LCD上看到的就是CCD感受到的图象，也就是说拍摄者在液晶屏上看到的也是大家将要拍摄的图象，也不存在像差问题，所以普通数码相机也能拍摄好微距！所以从这点来说，单反相机不占优势。

快门问题
2、快门问题，现在的快门设计也提高了技术和工艺，普通的快门也能做到1/1000秒以上了，但是数码单反应用的帘幕快门往往能够把速度做的更快，可以高达1/2000—4000秒。不过它们的差异正在缩小！

镜头不同
镜头差别也太大了，单反数码相机可以更换不同的镜头（广角、鱼眼、长焦）。因为受全片幅感光材料（cmos或ccd）的限制，光学变焦功能大打折扣（原因是全片幅和普通数码相机相比太大），普通的数码单反基本上都配了个让人不满意的狗头，必须购买多个镜头才能发挥数码单反的威力，后续投资大，而普通数码相机最多加个转接环然后画蛇添足的接个镜头，效果可想而知，不过因为使用了面积小很多的ccd所以往往可以做成大光变，在这点上各自都有自己的优势！

感光材料的面积差别
数码单反相机大多数采用全片幅的2/3为感光材料，少数高端产品做到了全片幅（就是和35毫米胶片的大小一样），往往比普通的数码相机采用的ccd的面积大几倍，所以数码单反一般躁点非常小，而普通的数码相机躁点控制要差很多，例如600w
的canon 300D 和800w的sony f828比躁点控制相差太大了，简直无法比！现在出的新产品canon
1D可谓登峰造极！达到了1600w。效果好的没法形容,简直难以想象，希望大家看到这款相机的时候眼珠子没有滚到地上！就是用jpg的格式一张pp就要7兆多（相信如果发这样的原片大家都受不了）！

重点说明：

1、数码单反相机和传统单反相机的快门是故障率很高的部件,因为在拍摄的时候首先是面镜要翻上去,然后再暴光,这一系列动作都是非常快的,而且都是机械装置。有些朋友问我为什么我在用闪光灯时候，在取景器内看不见闪光，通过以上讲解大家应该知道了为什么（反光面镜相当于一个光路的切换开关）。

2、单反相机在更换镜头的时候内部很容易进灰，特别是数码单反，如果CCD上面脏了就只能请专业部门维修清理！所以在更换镜头的时候尽量找干净无尘的地方进行。

Definition: An SLR, or single-lens reflex, digital camera is a
high-end model aimed at intermediate and experienced photographers.

SLR models typically offer interchangeable lenses, full manual
controls, external flash units, and through-the-lens (TTL)
viewfinders. They're large models and they closely resemble the 35mm
film cameras that were popular several years ago, with handgrips and
large lens housings.

A digital camera model that looks like an SLR, but that doesn't offer
a TTL viewfinder or an interchangeable lens, is called an SLR-style
camera. Such cameras are aimed more at intermediate and advanced
beginner photographers.

Digital single lens reflex cameras offer many of the same options as
compact digital cameras: control of aperture, shutter speed, scene
modes and changeable ISO.

While compact digital cameras have gotten better through the years,
there are things about them that can be frustrating for a serious
photographer.

Two primary issues are difficulty of focusing in low light and the
need to wait to take the next picture because of focus lag.

Why I bought a DSLR

Before buying a DSLR, I often missed wonderful photo opportunities
when using a compact digital camera. With a compact, I couldn't
consistently click at the peak moment. I had to wait while a picture
was being saved to the memory card or the flash was busy recycling.

Speaking of flash, some of my compact digital cameras do not have hot
shoes for external flashes that could be bounced off the ceiling,
dooming me to inevitable red-eye problems.

DSRLs excel in low light
Another problem I had with compact digital cameras was getting good
pictures in low light.

Unlike DSLRs, most compacts have limited light sensitivity. Pictures
taken at ISO numbers higher than 100 can show excessive visual noise,
colored speckles that would be the equivalent of "grain" on film.
Besides, my pets aren't thrilled with flash, so I prefer to photograph
them with available light. My DSLRs have much better image quality at
higher ISO.

Other benefits of DSLRs
I yearned for a camera that would have subjects in good focus, but
beautifully blur the background. This effect can be difficult to
achieve with a compact digital camera because it has a deep area of
focus (depth of field).

I also yearned for a camera with which I could use different lenses to
capture a wide range of subjects, for example, a wide angle lens for
mountain vistas, a telephoto to shoot dog agility, and a macro to
capture insect life and flowers in my garden.

A digital single lens reflex camera meets those needs, plus offers
additional benefits:

■DSLRs have very fast shot-to-shot time that enables you to capture
sports and other fast motion activities much more easily than with a
compact digital camera.
■If you photograph wildlife that is far away from the camera and need
super telephoto capability, your best images come from a DSLR.
■If you like to photograph tiny things that you want to look large and
have stunning detail, nothing beats a DSLR with a good macro lens.

Shortcomings of Digital Single Lens Reflex cameras

Digital single lens reflex cameras are larger and bulkier…and more
expensive…than compacts. If you think you'll find one with the perfect
lens to take all the pictures you want to take, forget it! You will
need more than one lens!

Some DSLRs lack a "Live View ," so you can't use the LCD for composing
a picture. You must hold the camera to your eye and compose and shoot
using the viewfinder. On those cameras, the LCD is used primarily to
review photos already taken.

Today's DSLRs are also audibly NOISY. The combination of the mirror
slap* and shutter sound are enough to send a cat flying.

*A digital single reflex camera has a mirror that snaps up momentarily
when taking a photo so light can hit the sensor. When the mirror moves
out of the way, it makes a slapping sound.

DSLR challenges
Before investing in a digital single lens reflex camera there are a
few other things you should know:

DSLR images require more editing
Straight out of the camera, images require more editing than I have
with compact digital camera images. While there are auto modes on
DSLRs and images can be saved as jpg files, it is much better to take
the images in raw mode. Don't be scared about processing raw images –
it's a lot easier than the directions might make you believe.

Obtaining deep depth of field is more difficult
Using a large aperture, such as f/2.8, on a compact digital camera
gives me great depth of field, the area of a picture that's in focus
from near to far. Using the same aperture with my DSLR will give me
less area in focus. For example, when photographing my dog only his
nose and eyes are in focus. The rest of his body will be a blur.

The sensor may require cleaning

Unless a DSLR has a built-in anti-dust system, the sensor inside the
camera has to be cleaned! Volumes are written about different
products for performing this scary process. I've changed my DSLR
lenses hundreds of times, opening up the sensor to dreaded dust spots,
each time I did it.

I must admit I've cleaned sensors only three times. If there is a spot
on an image, I fix it very easily with my photo editing program. For
the faint-hearted, you can have the sensor professionally cleaned.

Before buying a DSLR
Before switching from a compact to a digital single lens reflex
camera, also consider the following:

■Good lenses aren't cheap, so it pays to do research. I visit the DSLR
forums at dpreview and also check the reviews at Fred Miranda's site.
The advantage of buying a good lens is that it will retain much of its
value if you decide to sell.
■Some lenses are more useful than others, so choose carefully!
Currently I'm finding my 17-55mm* f/2.8 lens the most widely useful of
any I own.
■It helps to love post processing (editing) photos. Images don't
always come out of the camera the way you want them. Being able to
edit creatively and competently has saved many a shot that might
otherwise have been discarded.
■Not surprisingly, many DSLRs and lenses weigh a whole lot more than
compact digital cameras!
If you are an adventurous sort who wants to get into digital
photography as well as photo editing more deeply, a DSLR and a good
editing program are definitely for you.

词条笔记

*****************
single-lens reflex
D.J.['sɪŋgəl,lenz]
K.K.['sɪŋɡəl,lɛnz]
单镜头反光照相机 denoting a reflex camera in which the lens that forms the
image on the film also provides the image in the viewfinder 反射式照相机
*****************
high-end
D.J.['haɪ'end]
K.K.['haɪ'ɛnd]
高档
*****************
interchangeable lens
可互换(的)透镜
*****************
manual control
人工控制
*****************
flash unit
闪光灯装置;闪光设备
*****************
viewfinder
D.J.['vju:,faɪndə]
K.K.['vju,faɪndɚ]
n.
(照相机)取景器
*****************
handgrip
D.J.['hændɡrip]
K.K.['hænd,ɡrɪp]
n.
有力的握手,手柄
*****************
intermediate
D.J.[,ɪntə'mi:djət]
K.K.[,ɪntɚ'midiɪt]
adj.
中间的; 中级的
*****************
compact
D.J.[kəm'pækt]
K.K.[kəm'pækt]
vt. & vi.
压紧, (使)坚实
adj.
装填紧密的, 整齐填满的
n.
协议, 条约, 契约
*****************
shutter speed
快门速度
*****************
consistently
D.J.[kən'sɪstəntlɪ]
K.K.[kən'sɪstəntlɪ]
adv.
一贯地;坚持地；固守地
*****************
memory card
记忆卡片;存储器插件板
*****************
hot shoe
触点式插座
*****************
red-eye
n.
熬夜航班，红眼
*****************
excel in
v.
在…方面胜过
*****************
light sensitivity
感光性[度],光敏性[度]
*****************
visual noise
视觉噪声
*****************
speckle
D.J.['spekl]
K.K.['spɛkəl]
n.
(皮肤、羽毛、蛋壳等上的)斑点, 色斑
*****************
depth
D.J.[depθ]
K.K.[dɛpθ]
*999 n.
1 深, 深度, 纵深
2 深厚, 深切, 深刻
3 深处, 深渊
*****************
vista
D.J.['vɪstə]
K.K.['vɪstə]
n.
1 长条形景色,远景
2 回顾;展望
*****************
telephoto
D.J.['teli'fəutəu]
K.K.['tɛlə,foto]
n.
电传照相,远距摄影照片
adj.
用远距镜头照相的
*****************
built-in
D.J.[,bilt'in]
K.K.['bɪlt'ɪn]
adj.
是…的组成部分的; 嵌入式的; 内置的
*****************
momentarily
D.J.[,məʊmən'teərəli:]
K.K.[,momən'tɛrəli]
adv.
顷刻之间;<美>马上,立刻
*****************
faint-hearted
D.J.['feɪnt'hɑ:tɪd]
K.K.['fent'hɑrtɪd]
adj.
胆怯的,怯懦的
*****************
widely
D.J.[ 'waɪdlɪ]
adv.
1 广泛地;普遍地;到处
2 大量地;在很大程度上
*****************
program
D.J.['prəuɡræm]
K.K.['pro,ɡræm, -ɡrəm]
n.
程序
vt.
为(计算机)编制程序