慈禧70岁时面容还仿若中年？
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虽然贵为太后，虽然有那么多不如意，但是年轻的慈禧还是有着年轻女人的天性。在很多对慈禧青年时期的描述里，都讲她是一个多么漂亮的人，有多么讲究。但是究竟慈禧什么样？也只有早年见过慈禧的人才知道。而现在的一些作品里，对她的描述也大多停留在慈禧70岁时候的状态。
我看过慈禧的画师卡尔小姐写的书：当时慈禧虽然已经70岁，但是看起来就像三十多岁的贵妇人似的。不管卡尔小姐的描述是不是准确，但是在慈禧身边人的眼里，慈禧直到70岁的时候，还是保养得非常好，身上的肌肤根本不像一个老人，而是一个年轻人。有人传说慈禧所用的化妆品大多是洋货，如巴黎香水、香粉、法国镀金镜等。但是在生前服侍过她的人来说，这些都是不正确的，因为慈禧经常用中国传统的胭脂来打扮自己，并不像人们传说的那样用什么法国香水。
我们家族的说法是，慈禧非常爱美，并且特别善于养生，这恐怕是她守寡以来除了政治之外，最热衷的一件事情了。在美国画家卡尔小姐面前，虽然已经过了最美丽的年代，但是慈禧的魅力依然。为什么七十岁的慈禧看上去只有实际年龄的一半？对于这些，我也知道其中的一些秘密，当然这些也都是我爷爷听隆裕说的。
当年我爷爷刚刚在皇家贵胄学堂上学的时候，见过慈禧。那个时候，慈禧已经是太后了。但是慈禧为什么显得那么年轻，身体又那么好，爷爷说是因为慈禧不仅喜欢吃很多东西，而且非常懂得营养。如果仅仅是喜欢吃一些东西，那么多的高级食品也早就把她的胃撑坏了。最可贵的是她非常懂得节制，非常懂得养生，与珍肴美味相比，她更注重奇药异术，什么气功、针灸、按摩、引导、服食、珍摄等等出自民间的术法。另外在慈禧晚年的时候，每天服用一钱人参，由宫女按天包好，早上给她。她的用法非常奇特，既不吃掉，也不咽下，就那样成天到晚噙在嘴里，直到噙化为止。因此她有时候说话别人不大能听清楚，其实是因为嘴里噙着人参。这是每天都要服的。
慈禧还有一个秘诀，就是把珍珠研成粉末，调成粥状，吃下去，然后用一杯温水倒进嘴里和珠粉一起咽下。关于容颜的保养，慈禧还有一套方法，就是每天睡觉之前洗完脸，让宫女端上一碗搅拌均匀的鸡蛋清，她用手掌蘸着蛋清，轻轻地抹在脸上，脸上的皮肤立刻紧绷，一夜就让它这么绷着。第二天清晨起来，一名宫女先端来一盆清水，让她蘸水将已经结成一层薄皮的蛋清轻轻洗去。另外一名宫女则捧上一盒脂油，这盒脂油里掺有胭脂和香水，色美气香，滑柔无比，她用长长的指甲把脂油挑一点在手心里，双掌旋转摩擦一会儿，轻轻搽在脸上，立刻青春焕发，光彩照人。
除此之外，慈禧对自己的指甲也非常在意。提起慈禧的指甲，很多人不理解她为什么戴着长长的甲套，其实这些是有用途的。从现在的照片中就可以看到，当年慈禧特别爱留指甲，尤其是一双手的两个无名指和小手指，最长可达七八寸，当然其他如拇指、食指、中指也爱留指甲，为了修饰保护好这一双手的指甲，慈禧每天要用温水浸泡和用剪子修理，并特制了各色的指甲套戴在手指上，切切实实地保护好，以免受到外来的损伤。
给慈禧特别加工定制的指甲套有镂空嵌丝珐琅的，也有纯金的，非常名贵。其实很多人都不知道，慈禧在批阅奏折的时候，经常用指甲在那些奏折上面划，许多人的生死命运，以及很多的国家大事，就这样从慈禧的指甲下轻轻划过。我爷爷当年也这么说过，说慈禧的指甲就是历史的画笔。从历史照片中，对慈禧的生活也可以窥见一斑。（部分摘编自《我所知道的慈禧太后》）
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Xiao Qin Xian
Yehenala, the Ci Xi Imperial Dowager Empress
The Ci Xi Imperial Empress Dowager (Chinese: 慈禧皇太后?赫那拉氏; pinyin: Cíxǐ Tàihòu; Wade-Giles: Tz'u-Hsi Huang T'ai-hou) (November 29 1835 - November 15 1908), popularly known in China as the West Empress Dowager (Chinese: 西太后), the Nala Empress Dowager (Chinese: 那拉太后) and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiao Qin Xian (Chinese: 孝??皇后), was a powerful and charismatic figure who was the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, ruling over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. She once claimed to be the most powerful and wealthiest sovereign on earth.
Origin of the Ci Xi Empress Dowager
Most biographies of the Ci Xi Empress Dowager state that she was the daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Huizheng 惠征, who belonged to the Yehenala clan and the Bordered Blue Banner in the Eight Banners. He reportedly served in Shanxi province and then in Anhui province. Her mother, the principal wife of Hui Zheng, belonged to the Fucha 富察 clan. Received biographies are unable to decide where exactly Dowager Cixi was born. She is supposed to have spent most of her early life in Anhui (after a brief period in Shanxi), and then moved to Beijing at an unknown age between her third and her fifteenth birthday. According to biographers, her father was sacked from civil service in 1853 (Cixi was already a concubine inside the Forbidden City at that time), allegedly for not resisting the Taiping Rebellion in Anhui province and deserting his post. Some biographers even state that her father was beheaded.
Road to power
Concubine Yi, the Future Ci Xi Empress DowagerIn September 1851, Yehenala (Dowager Cixi) volunteered at the Imperial Palace with other Manchu girls to undergo a selection process, in order to provide concubines for the new Xian Feng Emperor (咸?帝). Under the supervision of Kang Ci Imperial Concubine Dowager (康慈皇?太妃), Yehenala was one of the few girls selected by Kang-Ci on that occasion.
Yehenala was first given the title "Xiu Nu" (秀女), meaning "Pleasant Lady", which was a preparative concubine. She was granted a job inside the Emperor's Imperial Summer Palace Complex (?明?). She lived next to the Garden Boulevard (桐?深?), and her job was to clean the boulevard and take care of the flowers and plants beside the boulevard. Soon, she was granted the title "Lan Gui Ren" (??人), meaning "Noble Orchid Person", which was concubine of the second-lowest rank.
After waiting for several years, Yehenala was pregnant. When the Xian Feng Emperor was informed that she was pregnant, Yehenala was granted the title Yi Pin (懿?) (Concubine of the fourth rank). The word Yi means exemplary. Later, Yehenala and gave birth to a boy -- the only male heir the Xian Feng Emperor had throughout his life. On the day Yehenala gave birth to the male baby, she was elevated to Yi Fei (懿妃) (Concubine of the third rank), and when her son healthily reached his birthday, Yehenala was elevated to Yi Gui Fei (懿?妃) (meaning "Noble Imperial Concubine Yi). Her status was only behind the Empress Consort Zhen (later known as Empress Dowager Ci'an).
Yehenala was highly intelligent. During the period when she was an imperial concubine, she had read a large number of books. She was quick at reading historical stories of the past, and possessed a superior memory. The portrait above shows Yehenala (Yi Pin at the time) holding a book.
Death of the Xian Feng Emperor
Soon, under the command of Lord Elgin, the British and French soldiers burned the Emperor's exquisite Imperial Summer Palace Complex to the ground in retaliation of the murder of their foreign ambassador. As large as the forbidden city, the Old Summer Palace is considered the largest imperial garden and most valuable architecture of the world even today. It was built by China's top artisans in the reign of the Kang Xi Emperor, and was enormously expanded and perfected during the reigns of the next five emperors. It contained uncountable treasures of invaluable artistic, technological, historical and cultural importance. Upon hearing the news, the Xian Feng Emperor vomited blood, and fell seriously ill.
On August 22, 1861, the Xian Feng Emperor died at the Rehe Palace in the City of Rehe (now Chengde). His heir, the son of Concubine Yi (Dowager Cixi), was only five years old. On his deathbed, the Xian Feng Emperor summoned his Empress and Concubine Yi, and gave each of them a stamp. He hoped that when his son ascended the throne, his Empress and Concubine Yi would cooperate in harmony and, together, help the young emperor to grow and mature. Later, the Xian Feng Emperor summoned eight of his most prestigious ministers, and named them as the "Eight Regent Ministers" to direct and support the future emperor. Upon the death of the Xian Feng Emperor, his Empress, aged twenty-five, was made the Ci An Empress Dowager (popularly known as the East Empress Dowager because she lived in the Eastern Zhong Cui Palace), and Concubine Yi, aged twenty-seven, was made the Ci Xi Empress Dowager (popularly known as the West Empress Dowager because she lived inside the Western Chu Xiu Palace).
Palace coup
Still at Rehe, the "Eight Regent Ministers", headed by Su Shun (肃顺), became the most powerful men in China. They did not like the Ci Xi Empress Dowager's interference in political matters, and often disagreed with her at court audiences. Frequently, the ministers would burst into rages and shout in front of the two Empress Dowagers in protest.
Soon, the Ci An Empress Dowager was so angry that she refused to come to court audiences, leaving the Ci Xi Empress Dowager alone to deal with the eight regent ministers. Secretly, Dowager Cixi began collecting the support of talented ministers, soldiers, and men who were ignored or hated by the eight regent ministers. Among them is Prince Gong, who had great ambitions and was at that time excluded from the power circle. Prince Gong successfully drew over the support of the military, and planned a palace coup.
A traditional Chinese regulation helped Dowager Cixi to succeed. This regulation stated that the widows and close relatives of a recently deceased emperor should come back to the Imperial Palace the earliest, if the Emperor died outside the capital. As Xianfeng's widow, Dowager Cixi, along with Ci'an, the young Tongzhi Emperor, and Prince Gong, came back from Rehe to Beijing within 5 days. Upon their arrival, the Dowagers Cixi, Ci'an, and Prince Gong summoned the ministers and soldiers who supported the two Dowager Empresses, and Dowager Cixi told the stories of Su Shun and the eight "Regent Ministers' unruly and bullying natures in tears. She publicly denounced the Eight Regent Ministers, and questioned their authority.
The other seven regent ministers were hunted down and arrested one by one. Dowager Cixi and Prince Gong produced a document called the "Eight Guilts of Regent Ministers", including altering the late Xian Feng Emperor's wills, causing his death, and stealing power from the two Empress Dowagers.
To show the world that she had high moral standards, Dowager Cixi only executed three of the eight regent ministers. She also relieved the pain Prince Gong had originally planned for them. Prince Gong had suggested that Sushun and others be executed by the most painful method called lingchi (凌?) (or "death by slow slicing"), but Dowager Cixi decided that Sushun be beheaded, while the other two be given white silks to commit suicide themselves. Dowager Cixi feared that Prince Gong, having helped her to win and became very powerful himself, would become the "Second Su Shun". This palace coup was later given an official name "Xinyou Coup" (辛酉政?).
Co-Regency with the Ci An Empress Dowager
During her co-regency with the Ci An Empress Dowager, Dowager Cixi did most of the ordinary work and made most of the insignificant decisions. When confronted by something serious, Dowager Cixi would rarely decide on her own without the consent from Empress Ci'an. When the Xian Feng Emperor was alive, Ci'an was his principal wife and Empress Consort while Cixi was a major concubine. Empress Ci'an was not very interested in politics. The East Empress Dowager died suddenly in 1881.
Relationship with the Jia Shun Empress and death of the Tong Zhi Emperor
In 1872, the son of the Ci Xi Empress Dowager, the Tong Zhi Emperor, was married. Under suggestion of Ci An Empress Dowager and the decision of the Tong Zhi Emperor, the new empress selected was Lady Alute (the Jia Shun Empress). Jia Shun's grandfather, a brother of the late Dao Guang Emperor, had been an enemy of Dowager Cixi during the Yin You Coup. From the beginning, the relationship between Dowager Cixi and the Alute Empress was tense. Moreover, the Jia Shun Empress was unwilling to please Dowager Cixi and quite often irritated her.
After his marriage, the Tong Zhi Emperor clearly favoured the Jia Shun Empress, and ignored his four imperial concubines. The Emperor and the Empress spent every night together, while the concubines spent weeks and months waiting for the Emperor. Dowager Cixi, who grew more and more angry about the unfair treatment of the Tong Zhi Emperor on his wives, became very hostile to the Jia Shun Empress. She warned the Jia Shun Empress that an empress should allow an emperor to share his favour equally among his wives and not to monopolise him. She also told the Jia Shun Empress that both Tong Zhi and her were still young and they should spend more time studying the management of a country. When she still saw no signs of change in the attitude of the Tongzhi Emperor, Dowager Cixi finally ordered the Emperor and the Empress to separate and to continue single-heartedly on their studies and preparation of becoming ruling sovereigns.
However, the Tong Zhi Emperor, who could no longer cope with his grievance and loneliness, grew more and more ill-tempered. He began to treat his servants badly and beat them for minor causes. Eventually, a palace eunuch secretly urged the Emperor to go out of the Forbidden City and enjoy himself in a prostitute house. The Tong Zhi Emperor agreed, and for several evenings, the Emperor disguised himself as a commoner, and secretly spent the nights in the prostitute house under the guidance of the eunuch.
Finally, the Tong Zhi Emperor caught syphillis 花柳病 (STD). Red pimples grew all over his face and body. Dowager Cixi regarded this as a humiliating scandal and warned the imperial doctors to have their mouths sealed. The doctors produced a lie that the Emperor caught smallpox, and gave medicines and treatments according to smallpox. Within a few weeks, on January 13, 1875, the Emperor died.
Some seventy-two days after the death of the Tongzhi Emperor, on March 27, Empress Alute committed suicide, though some rumors suggest she died of starvation at Cixi's behest.
Regency under the Guang Xu Emperor
After the death of her son, the Tong Zhi Emperor, the Ci Xi Dowager Empress violated the normal succession and had her three-year-old nephew named the new heir. The new emperor was then named the Guang Xu Emperor, meaning "Glorious Succession". Until age nineteen, the Guang Xu Emperor was "aided" in his rule by Dowager Cixi. Even after he began formal rule, Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing for a period of time at the Imperial Summer Palace (?和?) which she had ordered Guang Xu's father, the First Prince Chun, to construct, with the official intention not to intervene in politics.
After taking power, the Guang Xu Emperor was obviously more reform-minded than the conservative-leaning Dowager Cixi. He believed that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, China would become more powerful politically and economically. In June 1898, the Guang Xu Emperor began the Hundred Days' Reform, aimed at a series of sweeping changes politically, legally, and socially. For a brief time, after the supposed retirement of the Ci Xi Empress Dowager, the Guang Xu Emperor issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernizing reforms with the help of more progressive Qing mandarins like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the civil examination system. The Guang Xu Emperor issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing; the construction of the Lu Han railway; and a system of budgets similar to that of the west. The initial goal was to make China a modern, constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's Meiji Restoration.
The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant neo-Confucian influence and other elements of traditional culture, but also came into conflict with the Ci Xi Empress Dowager, who held real power. Many officials deemed useless and dismissed by the Guang Xu Emperor were begging Dowager Cixi for help. Although Dowager Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Day's Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. The Guang Xu Emperor was made aware of such a plan, and asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to think of a way to rescue him. They decided to use the help of Yuan Shikai, who had a very modernized army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Dowager Cixi relied on Ronglu's army in Tianjin.
Yuan Shikai, however, was beginning to show his skill in politics. The day before the staged coup was supposed to take place, Yuan chose his best political route and revealed all the plans to Ronglu, exposing the Emperor's plans. This undoubtedly raised Dowager Cixi's trust in Yuan, who thereby became a lifetime enemy of the Guang Xu Emperor. In September 1898, Ronglu's troops took all positions surrounding the Forbidden City, and surrounded the Emperor when he was about to perform rituals. The Guang Xu Emperor was then taken to Ocean Terrace, a small palace on an island in the middle of a lake linked to the rest of the Forbidden City with only a controlled causeway. Dowager Cixi would follow with an edict dictating the Guang Xu Emperor's total disgrace and "not being fit to be Emperor". The Guang Xu Emperor's reign had effectively come to an end.
The Ci Xi Dowager Empress had the Guang Xu Emperor placed under house arrest in an environment of total isolation, to the point where even court eunuchs were chosen to strategically serve this purpose. Although Dowager Cixi never forced the Guang Xu Emperor to abdicate, and his era had in name continued until 1908, the Emperor lost all honours, respect, power, and privileges given to him of the Great Qing other than its name. Most of his supporters were exiled, and some were executed in public by Dowager Cixi. Kang Youwei continued to work for a more progressive Qing Empire while in exile, remaining loyal to the Guang Xu Emperor and hoping to eventually restore him to power. Western governments, too, were in favour of the Guang Xu Emperor as the only power figure in China, replacing Dowager Cixi. A joint official document issued by western governments stated that only the name Guang Xu was to be recognized as the legal authoritative figure, over all others. This only angered Dowager Cixi more.
There was dispute, for a period of time, over whether the Guang Xu Emperor should continue to reign, even if only in name, as Emperor, or simply be removed altogether. Most court officials seemed to agree with the latter choice, but loyal Manchus such as Ronglu pleaded otherwise.
In 1900, the Ci Xi Dowager Empress's support of the self-strengthening movement was again called into question when the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China. Eager to preserve traditional Chinese values, Dowager Cixi threw in her lot with the rebels, making an official announcement of her support for the movement. When the Westerners responded by dispatching the Eight-Nation Alliance, the Chinese military, badly underdeveloped due to Dowager Cixi's habit of filching military funds, was unable to prevent the technologically-advanced Allied army from marching on Peking and seizing the Forbidden City. Determined to prevent another Chinese rebellion, the Western powers imposed a humiliating treaty on China, and Dowager Cixi, with no military forces capable of protecting even her own palace, was forced to sign. The treaty demanded the presence of an international military force in China and the payment of ?67 million (almost $333 million) in reparations.
Historical opinions
The traditional view is that the Ci Xi Dowager Empress was a devious despot who maintained a deathgrip on what little power she had until that power faded out completely. Three years after her death, the Qing dynasty was itself overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. However, some authors, such as Sterling Seagrave in his biography The Dragon Lady maintain a far more positive view of the dowager, arguing that she has been unfairly maligned and when seen more closely, her actions were reasonable responses to the difficulties that China faced.
Seagrave argues that most of the more sensational stories of Dowager Cixi's life can be traced to the boasting, self-important "Wild Fox" Kang Youwei and his cronies, who having never having met Dowager Cixi, concocted stories of plots and poisonings and passed them on to the Western press. Many other "details" of the life of Dowager Cixi are based on accounts by J.O.P. Bland and known forger and pornographer Edmund Backhouse. As life in the Forbidden City remained a mystery for most Westerners, these stories created by Kang Youwei and Backhouse (some up to 30 years after the supposed events) have been used by many historians of the last century to paint a misleading picture of Dowager Cixi. Seagrave paints Dowager Cixi as a woman stuck between the xenophobic Ironhats faction, made up of Manchu nobility wanting to maintain Manchu dominance and remove Western influences from China at all cost, and more moderate influences trying to cope with China's problems on a more realistic footing, such as Prince Gong in Dowager Cixi's earlier days. Dowager Cixi, Seagrave argues, did not crave power but simply acted to balance these influences and protect the Dynasty as best she could.
Another sympathetic account can be found in Anchee Min's historical novel Empress Orchid (2004). The China Central Television production Towards the Republic (走向共和) portrayed Dowager Cixi as a capable ruler, albeit not entirely positive -- for the first time in the history of Mainland Chinese television, although it also clearly demonstrated her political views as very conservative. While assessing Dowager Cixi one must not confuse the traditional Confucian idea widely held in her day (that influential women, caused trouble and were not to be trusted) with her frequent portrayal as a despot. While other powerful women of Chinese history, e.g. Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, are generally positively reassessed by modern historians, the negative views on Dowager Cixi largely remains.
It is also worth noting that while very few Chinese sources reflect Dowager Cixi positively, the reverse is true for Western Sources. When considering Western sources one must bear in mind that Dowager Cixi's luxurious lifestyle, ineffective foreign policies, her conservative political views and her lack of concern on the well being of the Chinese people allowed Western powers to further their exploitation of China, gaining enormous profits at the expense of the Chinese people.
Pearl S. Buck's novel Imperial Woman chronicles the life of the Ci Xi Dowager Empress from the time of her selection as a concubine until near to her death. Cixi is portrayed as a stern, motivated woman who stands to the old ways of life and government and resists the changes brought by westerners. Cixi's actions on behalf of the two Emperors that she raised and her own actions are all accounted for and rationalized as being for the good of her people and her country.
Katherine Carl, a painter who spent some ten months with the Ci Xi Dowager Empress in 1903 to paint Dowager Cixi's portrait for the St. Louis Exposition, wrote a book about her experience, With the Empress Dowager, published in 1905. In the book's introduction, Katherine Carl says she wrote the book because "After I returned to America, I was constantly seeing in the newspapers (and hearing of) statements ascribed to me which I never made."
In her book, Katherine Carl describes the Ci Xi Dowager Empress as a kind and considerate woman for her station. Dowager Cixi, though shrewd, had great presence, charm, and graceful movements resulting in "an unusually attractive personality". Dowager Cixi loved dogs and had a kennel maintained by eunuchs at the Summer Palace where she had "some magnificent specimens of Pekingese pugs and of a sort of Skye terrier." She did not like cats and some of the eunuchs who had cats made sure to keep them "within rigid bounds, on no condition allowing them to come within Her Majesty's ken." Dowager Cixi enjoyed flowers and the staff of the Summer Palace ensured the rooms and courtyards were kept properly dressed with cut flowers.
The Ci Xi Dowager Empress understood loyalty and practiced it with her retinue. Katherine Carl while describing the Palace staff says: "Among these is a Chinese woman who nursed Her Majesty through a long illness, about twenty-five years since, and saved her life by giving her mother's milk to drink. Her Majesty, who never forgets a favor, has always kept this woman in the Palace. Being a Chinese, she had bound feet. Her Majesty, who cannot bear to see them even, had her feet unbound and carefully treated, until now she can walk comfortably. Her Majesty has educated the son, who was an infant at the time of her illness, and whose natural nourishment she partook of. This young man is already a Secretary in a good yamen (government office)."
Dowager Cixi enjoyed boating on the lake at the Summer Palace, walks through the gardens and grounds of the Palace (actually the Imperial family rode in sedan chairs so the eunuchs did the majority of the walking), and presentations of Chinese opera in the Summer Palace Opera house. Dowager Cixi smoked Chinese water pipes as well as European cigarettes through a cigarette holder. At an age of 69, Dowager Cixi was in sufficiently good physical shape that when providing a tour of the Summer Palace Opera House to Katherine Carl, Dowager Cixi "mounted the steep and difficult steps with as much ease and lightness as I did, and I had on comfortable European shoes, while she wears the six-inch-high Manchu sole in the middle of her foot, and must really walk as if on stilts."
She is said to have invented the board game Eight Fairies Travel Across The Sea, which is still popular today as "Eight Fairies Chess".
Overview of politics
The Room of Beautiful Scenery (Part of Dowager Cixi's West Chu Xiu Palace), inside which Concubine Yi (Dowager Cixi) gave birth to the future Tong Zhi EmperorWhile seeking China's "self-strengthening" through weak and regionalized industrial and military growth, the Ci Xi Dowager Empress opposed attempts at political modernization, staging a coup d'etat September 21, 1898 against the political influence of the Guang Xu Emperor to end the Hundred Days' Reform. She opposed the creation of a national army or navy. Dowager Cixi's contribution to the self-strengthening movement, though, could be frustratingly two-sided. Whilst she supported economic and military modernization, approving the construction of railways and factories and encouraging use of Western weapons and tactics, she was capable of holding back the programme through relatively simple acts. For her sixtieth birthday in 1895, Dowager Cixi relocated the astronomical sum of thirty million taels of silver, which had been earmarked for the construction of ten new warships, to pay for the refinement of Summer Palace. The Chinese Navy had recently lost most of its modern warships in the 1894 First Sino-Japanese War, and urgently needed the money to rebuild a high-tech fleet. However, instead of using the money to safeguard China's military security, Dowager Cixi instead chose to use the money for her own pleasure.
Dowager Cixi explained her decision saying that even if the Chinese Navy have won the battle against the Japanese fleet, more fleets from Britain, France, and many other powerful nations awaited. China's victory would only draw more retaliations and there was no hope to win after all. Instead, she used the money to demonstrate the wealth and dignity of the Chinese culture and the imperial power, and prevent Western powers from bullying China out of disdain.
The Ci Xi Dowager Empress died in "Zhong Hai Yi Luan Dian" (the Middle Sea Hall of Graceful Bird) 中海??殿 on November 15, 1908, after having installed Puyi as the new Emperor of the Qing Dynasty on November 14.
Names of the Ci Xi Dowager Empress
The West Dowager Empress on Seventieth BirthdayThe Ci Xi Dowager Empress had many different names at different period of her life, which can be quite confusing. Moreover, most of her Western biographers, who in general do not read Chinese, frequently confuse these names, and biographies on Dowager Cixi written in English are flawed with errors. Here is an accurate account of all her names, as drawn from the most serious Chinese sources (i.e. the archives of the Forbidden City and several serious historical works in Chinese).
The original name of Dowager Cixi at her birth is still an unresolved issue (see Youth section). At her entrance in the Forbidden City, she was recorded as "the Lady Yehenara, daughter of Huizheng" (惠征). Thus, she was called by her clan's name, the Yehe-Nara clan, as was customary for Manchu girls. Dowager Cixi was quite a secretive person, and she seldom talked about her childhood. While she was on the throne, the subject of her life before entering the Forbidden City was taboo, and people avoided talking about it. So it is no surprise that the record of her original name as well as the history of her youth were lost.
When she entered the Forbidden City in September 1851, Dowager Cixi was made a Xiu Nu 秀女, a preparative concubine. After her encounter with the Xian Feng Emperor, Yehenala (Dowager Cixi) was made concubine of the fifth rank ?人, and she was given the name Lan (?，meaning "Orchid"). Her name was thus "Noble Person of Orchid" ??人. At the end of December 1854 or the beginning of January 1855, she was promoted to concubine of the fourth rank ?. Her name was changed, and the new name given to her was Yi 懿, meaning "good", "exemplary", "virtuous"), so that her new name was "Yi Pin" 懿?. On April 27, 1856, she gave birth to a son, the only son of Emperor Xianfeng (the Empress Consort had been unsuccessful in producing an heir), and was immediately made "Concubine Yi" 懿妃. Finally, in February 1857 she was again elevated and made "Noble Concubine Yi" 懿?妃.
In the end of August 1861, following the death of the Xian Feng Emperor, her five-year-old son became the new emperor (known as the Tong Zhi Emperor starting in 1862). Dowager Cixi was officially made "Holy Mother Imperial Dowager Empress" ?母皇太后, a high privilege considering that she had never been Empress Consort while the Xian Feng Emperor was alive. She was privileged to become Dowager Empress only because she was the biological mother of the new emperor. She was also given a honorific name which was Cixi 慈禧， meaning "Motherly and Auspicious". As for the Empress Consort, she was made "Mother Empress Imperial Dowager Empress" 母后皇太后, a title giving her precedence over Dowager Cixi, and she was given the honorific name Ci'an 慈安， meaning "Motherly and Calming".
Yehenara, the West Dowager Empress CixiOn 7 occasions after 1861, Dowager Cixi was given additional honorific names (two Chinese characters at a time), as was customary for emperors and empresses, until by the end of her reign her name was a long string of 16 characters starting with Cixi (as empress dowager she had the right to nine additions, giving a total of 20 characters, had she lived long enough for it). At the end of her reign, her official name was
大清??今慈禧端佑康?昭豫???恭??崇熙?母皇太后
which reads "The Current Holy Mother Imperial Dowager Empress Ci-Xi Duan-You Kang-Yi Zhao-Yu Zhuang-Cheng Shou-Gong Qin-Xian Chong-Xi of the Great Qing Empire".
The short form was The Current Holy Mother Imperial Dowager Empress of the Great Qing Empire
大清??今?母皇太后
At the time, Dowager Cixi was addressed as "Venerable Buddha" （老佛?），literally "Master Old Buddha". This was not a term of address created or reserved for her, as is wrongly stated by her Western biographers. This was actually the official form of address used for all the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, who were devoted Buddhists. It reveals a lot about Dowager Cixi that she asked people to address her with a term of address reserved for men, and what is more for emperors. She liked to be treated like a man, and insisted on people using Chinese words reserved for men when addressing her. As the de facto power figure in China, having actual power over the Emperor himself, the phrase Long Live the Dowager Empress for ten thousand years (大清??今?母皇太后???????), which is by convention, only used by Emperors, was used at official and ceremonial occasions. The convention for Dowager Empresses of imperial China was usually Long live for a thousand years.
At her death in 1908, Dowager Cixi was given a posthumous name which combines the honorific names that she gained during her lifetime with new names added just after her death. This posthumous name is 孝?慈禧端佑康?昭豫???恭??崇熙配天???皇太后 which reads: Empress Xiao-Qin Ci-Xi Duan-You Kang-Yi Zhao-Yu Zhuang-Cheng Shou-Gong Qin-Xian Chong-Xi Pei-Tian Xing-Sheng-Xian. This long name is still the one that can be seen on Cixi's tomb today. The short form of her posthumous name is: Empress Xiao Qin Xian (孝??皇后).
Final resting place
The Eastern Qing TombThe Ci Xi Dowager Empress was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清?陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Ding Dong Ling (定?陵) tomb complex (literally: the "Tombs East of the Dingling Tomb"), along with the Ci An Dowager Empress. More precisely, Dowager Ci'an lies in the Pu Xiang Yu Ding Dong Ling (普祥峪定?陵) (literally: the "Tomb East of the Ding Ling Tomb in the Vale of Wide Good Omen"), while Dowager Cixi built herself the much larger Pu Tuo Yu Ding Dong Ling (菩陀峪定?陵) (literally: the "Tomb East of the Ding Ling Tomb in the Vale of Putuo"). The Dingling tomb (literally: the "Tomb of quietude") is the tomb of the Xian Feng Emperor, the Emperor of Dowager Ci'an and Dowager Cixi, which is located indeed west of the Ding Dong Ling. The Vale of Pu Tuo owes its name to Mount. Pu Tuo (literally: the "Mountain of the Dharani of the Site of the Buddha's Enlightenment"), at the foot of which the Dingdongling is located.
Dowager Cixi, unsatisfied with her tomb, ordered its destruction and reconstruction in 1895. The new tomb was a lavish grandiose complex of temples, gates, and pavilions, covered with gold leaves, and with gold and gilded-bronze ornaments hanging from the beams and the eaves. In July 1928, Dowager Cixi's tomb was occupied by warlord and Kuomintang general Suen Dian Ying ?殿英 and his army who methodically stripped the complex of its precious ornaments, then dynamited the entrance to the burial chamber, opened Dowager Cixi's coffin, threw her corpse (said to have been found intact) on the floor, and stole all the jewels contained in the coffin, as well as the massive pearl that had been placed in Dowager Cixi's mouth to protect her corpse from decomposing (in accordance with Chinese tradition). The large pearl on Dowager Cixi's crown was offered by Suen Dian Ying to Guo Min Dang (Kuomintang) leader Chiang Kai-shek and ended up as an ornament on the gala shoes of Chiang's wife, the famous Song Mayling.
After 1949, the complex of Dowager Cixi's tomb was restored by the People's Republic of China, and it is still today one of the most impressive imperial tombs of China.
